Though meditation research has grown substantially in recent years, relatively few studies adhere to rigorous scientific standards, such as large sample sizes and robust controls. Challenges include recruiting highly-trained meditators and quantifying intangible, subtle states of mind.

Despite these limitations, meditation research is quickly advancing. Neuroimaging techniques like fNIRS and fMRI provide objective measurements, while innovative approaches like neurophenomenology, micro-phenomenological interviewing, and grounded theory methodology (GTM) incorporate subjective data.

The early data suggest that meditation training can produce both temporary altered states and lasting neural traits. Whether practiced short-term or long-term, meditation enhances cognitive, physiological, and psychological well-being. It also matters how we train. In addition to the total time spent meditating, the quality and continuity of one’s practice impacts the resulting changes in both the mind and the brain.